The Identification of QTL Associated with Cotton Fruit Branch Length Suitable for Mechanized Harvest Utilizing BSA-seq

[Objective] This study aims to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with cotton fruit branch length by using the combination of bulked-segregant analysis (BSA) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) method. [Method] In this study, the cotton F₂ segregating population was developed with the short branch line Sujimian 125 and long-branch variety Sikang 1 as cross parents. According to the average internode length of fruit branches in middle, extreme individuals in F₂ population were divided into two groups to generate the bulked DNA samples. The whole-genome resequencing of two DNA bulks was applied to analyze the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and insertion-deletion (InDel) between two groups, and the fruit branch internode length related QTLs were detected using Euclidean distance (ED). [Result] With SNP data obtained from sequencing, a 0.8 Mbp range associated region on chromosome A3 was identified; with InDel data obtained from sequencing, a 1.09 Mbp range associated region on chromosome A3 was identified. Two regions overlapped, and the overlapped range was 0.77 Mbp. [Conclusion] This result suggested that the difference between I-type fruit branch and zero-type was due to different genetic locus and pattern rather than dosage effect of the same gene.     

冬瓜杂种种子纯度鉴定的SSR分析

种子纯度是种子质量的核心指标,目前冬瓜、节瓜杂种优势已被广泛地应用于生产。探索出一种快速、准确的冬瓜、节瓜品种纯度鉴定方法是确保种子质量的技术保证,也是品种纯度检测实现商业化的前提。本研究以‘绿优’冬瓜和‘梅花8号’节瓜及其各自亲本为试验材料,利用SSR分子标记技术对亲本及杂种之间的多态性进行分析。结果显示,从200对SSR引物中筛选出2对多态性引物scaffold4775和scaffold5674,用于‘绿优’冬瓜和‘梅花8号’节瓜杂种种子纯度的鉴定。其扩增片段电泳条带清晰可辨,杂交种中呈现双亲的互补带型,SSR标记表现出稳定的显性和共显性,能将‘绿优’冬瓜和‘梅花8号’节瓜与其父母本区分开来。分子检测平均纯度均为98%,田间纯度鉴定分别为98%和99%,结果基本一致,表明引物scaffold4775和scaffold5674可用于‘绿优’冬瓜和‘梅花8号’节瓜的纯度鉴定。SSR分子标记呈现出经济快速、准确等特点,在冬瓜、节瓜品种纯度鉴定上其应用前景十分广泛。     

新疆机采棉花实现叶片快速脱落需要的温度条件

随着机采棉的快速推进,籽棉含杂率过高导致清理工序过多及纤维不必要的损伤。新疆棉区棉花生长后期的热量资源有限,如何合理喷施脱叶催熟剂是改善原棉品质的关键技术措施。本研究采用分期喷施脱叶催熟剂的方式,探讨了温度变化对棉花叶片脱落率的影响及实现棉花叶片快速脱落需要的温度条件。结果表明,在喷施脱叶催熟剂后(7.0±1.0)d内,棉花叶片脱落率最高,达55%～79%,且与最高温度和每日≥12°C有效积温呈显著的线性关系。若要在喷施脱叶催熟剂后(7.0±1.0)d内实现55%的叶片脱落率,则应满足该时间段最高温度大于27.2°C、每日≥12°C有效积温大于7.0°C·日的要求。因此,喷施脱叶催熟剂后(7.0±1.0) d内是实现良好脱叶效果的关键时间段,期间的最高温度和每日≥12°C有效积温则是影响的关键因素。     

强闪光抑制棉花叶片光系统Ⅱ活性和热耗散

除持续强光导致光合作用效率降低外,强闪光也能够影响光合功能,但规律和机制尚不清楚。为研究强闪光对喜光植物棉花叶片光合功能的影响,选用陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.)品种新陆早45号为材料,于强闪光处理(20,000μmol m–2 s–1, 300 ms,间隔10 s,处理时间持续30 min)前后分别测定叶绿素荧光、P700和气体交换。结果表明,强闪光处理后不仅有活性的PSI (光系统I)反应中心含量下降,同时PSⅡ (光系统Ⅱ)电子传递活性也受到限制。与对照相比,强闪光处理后PSI的ΦND (PSI供体侧限制引起的非光化学量子产量)下降,ΦNA (PSI受体侧限制引起的非光化学量子产量)增加,暗示强闪光能够抑制PSI受体侧电子传递活性。强闪光处理不仅使PSⅡ的实际量子产量明显下降,而且非光化学猝灭和ΦNPQ (PSⅡ调节性能量耗散的量子产量)也降低;但是,ΦNO (PSⅡ非调节性能量耗散的量子产量)明显增加,表明强闪光导致热耗散降低和PSⅡ失活。此外,强闪光处理后光合速率和气孔导度均降低,但细胞间隙CO2浓度增加,证明强闪光处理后同化能力的降低不是气孔限制导致的。因此,本研究认为强闪光处理不仅抑制PSI活性,而且导致PSⅡ失活和可调节性热耗散下降;光合电子传递活性的下降可能是强闪光下光合速率降低的重要原因。     

陆地棉新品种生物学特性与品质特性鉴定结果分析

对2016-2017年引进的62个陆地棉新品种进行了形态特征、生物学特性和品质特性的鉴定及分析。结果表明：目前收集的新材料以中早熟棉为主,铃重以中等大小为主,衣分中等,悬殊较大,马克隆数值普遍偏大。     

2个抗虫棉的外源Bt基因分子鉴定及其染色体定位

以中美2个抗虫棉品种GK19与33B为试验材料,利用检测中美Bt基因的特异性引物,分别对抗虫棉亲本GK19和33B进行PCR扩增,并通过SSR分子标记技术对其Bt基因进行分子鉴定与染色体定位,旨在从外源基因转化事件的视角探究中美转基因抗虫棉差异的分子基础。结果表明, GK19为中国转Bt基因抗虫棉, 33B为美国转Bt基因抗虫棉; GK19的Bt基因被定位在棉花Chr.20上,共16对SSR多态性标记与其Bt基因连锁,两侧的分子标记为NAU3907和NAU2579,其遗传距离分别为2.4 cM和1.5 cM; 33B的Bt基因被定位在棉花Chr.26上,共20对SSR多态性标记与Bt基因连锁,目标Bt基因位于标记NAU460和dc40260之间,其遗传距离分别为3.6 cM和2.0 cM。以上结果表明GK19和33B属于不同的遗传转化事件。     

化学打顶对阿拉尔垦区主栽品种光合冠层的影响

化学打顶是指利用植物生长调节剂来打破作物顶端优势,进而保障作物的正常生长和生产。本文为探究化学打顶对作物的影响,利用摇钱素和棉花打顶剂处理新陆中70和新陆中82不同品种,同时测定不同化学打顶剂处理条件下,棉花的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度及棉花冠层叶面积指数指标。研究发现：不同化学打顶处理条件下,与人工打顶相比化学打顶的棉花的五种指标变化均不明显,但新陆中70和新陆中82品种的净光合速率平均值与对照相比分别高出3 μmol/(m2.s)和2 μmol/(m2.s),且冠层叶面积指数值比人工打顶的略高。试验结果表明化学打顶处理后没有造成棉花疯长,提高了光能利用率,进而增加作物群体的光合作用。     

Relationships Among the Feeding Behaviors of a Mirid Bug on Cotton Leaves of Different Ages and Plant Biochemical Substances

Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) (Hemiptera: Miridae) tends to feed on young plant tissues. To explore the relationship between stylet probing behaviors of adult A. lucorum and conditions of cotton leaves, we conducted an experiment using electropenetrography (EPG). Behaviors were recorded on four cotton varieties, in relation to thickness and biochemical traits of differently-aged leaves. Cotton leaf age had a significant effect on the probing behavior of A. lucorum but cotton variety did not. One-day-old leaves of A. lucorum received the highest mean number of stylet probes (penetrations) per insect, and longest mean durations per insect of combined stylet probing or its components, cell rupture and ingestion behaviors. All of the leaf traits (thickness and biochemical substances) were similar among these four cotton varieties. Leaf thickness had a significantly negative effect on the same four variables above. Gossypol and tannin also had a negative impact on combined probing duration. Redundancy analysis showed that the four EPG variables were closely related to nutrient substances (amino acids, sugar, and water) while they had the opposite relationship with plant defense substances (gossypol and tannin). On cotton in the seedling stages, A. lucorum fed more readily on the youngest, thinnest leaves in our no-choice EPG experiments. Nutrients and chemical resistance substances determined the probing duration of A. lucorum. Our findings can contribute to better understanding of patterns of feeding and host consumption by A. lucorum, ultimately improving cotton resistance to A. lucorum.     

中晚熟粒用高粱不同组合杂交种的筛选

为选育优质中晚熟粒用高粱新材料,本试验采用单因素随机区组设计,以4份不同杂交组合高粱亲本为试验材料,分析不同组合杂交种的生育期、农艺性状及产量性状的差异,筛选最佳的中晚熟粒用高粱组合。高粱组合杂交种的生育期存在差异,但相差不大,生育期最长的高粱组合23A×014-52,生育期为134天,生育期最短的高粱组合147A×014-34,生育期为123天;高粱组合23A×014-52的农艺性状较好;与对照相比,增产的高粱组合为23A×014-52、27A×017-95,其中高粱组合23A×014-52增产明显,较对照高出30.06%。结合分析农艺性状、产量性状等,高粱组合23A×014-52杂种优势较突出,可以作为培育中晚熟粒用高粱的亲本材料。